(Syllabus) ISAT 2011 Syllabus - CHEMISTRY

Inorganic Chemistry

Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Atomic and molecular masses, molecular formula, stoichiometry. Structure of Atom
Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Different atomic models and limitations, shells and sub-shells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules Hydrogen
Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen and its compounds. s-Block Elements (Group 1 and Group 2 elements)
Electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties and in chemical reactivity, uses. Preparation and properties of compounds of Na, Ca, Mg and their biological importance.

p-Block Elements
General Introduction to p-Block Elements Elements of Group 13, 14 15,16, 17and 18
Electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group. Chemical and physical properties of boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen, sulphur, halogens and important compounds of the elements.

d and f Block Elements
Electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals.

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
Lanthanides: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction.
Actinides: Electronic configuration, oxidation states.
Coordination compounds: Ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding; isomerism, importance of coordination compounds.

Physical Chemistry

States of Matter
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, type of bonding, melting and boiling points, molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids, unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro’s number, ideal gas equation, deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature. Liquid State.

Solutions
Types of solutions, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties -relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses

Thermodynamics
Systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of AU and AH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of: bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, and dilution. Entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and nonspontaneous process, equilibrium.

Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium -ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, concept of pH. Hydrolysis of salts, buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect.
Redox Reactions
Redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, applications of redox reactions.

Electrochemistry

Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis, dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, fuel cells; corrosion.
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction, factors affecting rates of reaction, order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory.

Surface Chemistry

Physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions – types of emulsions.
Nuclear chemistry: Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of a, P, and y rays; Kinetics of radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon dating; Stability of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron ratio; fission and fusion reactions.

Organic Chemistry

Basic Principles and Techniques
Methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature, isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation. Conformations (ethane only), structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, structure of triple bond (ethyne), chemical reactions.
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution, influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, environmental effects of compounds

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration. Acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions.
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties. Mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, acidic nature of carboxylic acids.
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen: Amines, cyanides, isocyanaides and diazonium salts
Other topics of importance

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution : Air, water and soil pollution, green chemistry, control of environmental pollution.
Biomolecules ;Carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, Nucleic Acids Polymers
Natural and synthetic polymers, methods of polymerization, copolymerization. Polymers like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.
Chemistry in Everyday Life ; Chemicals in medicines, chemicals in food, cleansing agents and action.

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